The Story of Village Palampur - Factors of Production (Part -1)

Factors/Requirements for Production

• Every production is organised by combining land, labour, physical capital and human capital, which are known as Factors of Production.
• There are 4 factors/requirements for the production of goods and services.

1. Land and Raw Materials: - They are a gift of nature and it is essential for any sort of production
2. Labour:-

• Labour refers to the people who work for the production of goods and services.
• There are 3 types of Labour - Skilled / Semi-Skilled  and Unskilled
• Some production activities require highly educated workers to perform the necessary tasks, whereas some other require workers who can do work manually.

3. Capital/Physical Capital : -

• Capital refers to the investments made to produce goods and services.
• There are 2 types of Capital namely Fixed Capital & Working Capital.

• Fixed Capital: The part of physical capital which can be used in process of production over many years and cannot be altered in short periods. Tools, Machinery, Building etc.
• Working Capital: The part of physical capital which can be used in production to make payements and buy other necessary item in short periods.  Raw Materials, Money in Hand

4.  Human Capital : -  

• The person having knowledge & enterprise puts together land, labour and physical capital to produce an output either for himself or to sell in the market. This is the Human Capital.
• Without Human Capital land, labour and capital are useless. Therefore it is the most important factor/requirement for production .

Democracy in the Contemporary World – Glossary

Censorship:

• The suppression of speech or other public communication which may be considered objectionable by the government (controlling body)

Coalition:

• An alliance of people/associations/parties or nations is known as Coalition.

Colony:

• Territory under the direct/immediate control of another state is known as Colony.

Coup

• The sudden overthrow of a government illegally is known as Coup.
• Coup is a French term meaning “a sudden blow or strike to a state”.

Communist State:

•  A state that is governed by a communist party without allowing other parties to compete for power is known as a Communist State.

Martial Law:

• A system of rules that takes effect when a military authority takes the control of the normal administration of justice.

Political Prisoneers

• Persons held in prison/detained/under house arrest, because a government considers their ideas, image or activities as a threat to the authority of state.

Referendum:

• A direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal.

Strike:

• Mass refusal by the workers/employees to perform work due to certain unjust acts or because of demands not met.

Trade Union:

• An association of workers for the purpose of maintaining/improving the condition of their employment.

Veto:

• The right of a person, party or nation to stop a certain decision or law.
• Veto in Latin means “I Forbid”.
• It has the power to stop a decision, but no power to adopt one.

Democracy in The Contemporary World – Chile (Part 1)

Salvador Allende

• Salvador Allende was the founder leader of Socialist Party of Chile.
• He led the Popular Unity Coalition to victory in the presidential elections of 1970, after which he became  the president of Chile.
• He introduced several policies to help the poor & the workers.
• In 11th September 1973, his government was overthrown by the military & he was killed in the Military Coup.

Policies of Salvador Allende

• After becoming the president of Chile, Allende had taken several policy decisions to help the poor & the workers.

Military Coup of 1973

• The strong opposition against Allende & his policies led to the military coup of 1973.
• On 11th September 1973, the military asked Allende to resign or leave the country, but he refused and knowing the danger he addressed to the people of Chile through radio.
• After which, the military started bombing the presidential palace of Chile (La Moneda) where he died.
• A democratic government of Allende was overthrown by the military through violence & conspiracy in a military coup.
• The government of U.S.A. was unhappy with Allende’s rule and is known to have supported and funded activities that led to the military coup.

General Augusto Pinochet’s Rule

• Augusto Pinochet was a Chilean Army General, he led the military coup of 1973.
• Pinochet then became the president of Chile, and ruled the country for the next 15-17 years.
• Military dictatorship was established in Chile, the military did as they wished and no one could question them.
• Pinochet’s government tortured and killed several of those who supported Allende and those who wanted democracy to be restored.
• Genral Alberto Bachelet, of the Chilean Air Force and many other officers who refuced to join the coup were killed.
• Bachelet’s wife & daughter were put in prison and tortured.

Restoration of Democracy

• Pinochet’s military dictatorship came to an end after he decided to hold a referendum in 1988.
•  The referendum was held to decide whether Augusto Pinochet should continue his rule or not. The voter turnout was 100% and 56% of them opposed him by voting “NO”. 
• Thereafter, Pinochet lost his political and then his military powers.
• Slowly, the role of army in the country’s government  was eliminated.
• Political freedom was restored in Chile, Since then Chile had held over 4 presidential elections in which different political parties have participated.
• General Bachelet’s daughter, Michelle Bachelet, was elected President of Chile in January 2006 after defeating one of Chile’s richest men.

Motion – Distance-Time Graph (Part-5)

Distance-Time graph of a object at Rest

• The distance-time graph of a object at rest is a straight line parallel to the time axis (x-axis).
• The slop of distance-time graph is 0 if the object is at rest.

Distance-Time graph of a object at Uniform Motion

• The distance-time graph of a object moving in uniform motion is a straight line inclined to the time (x-axis).
• Slope: The slope of the graph is the ratio of the vertical change to the horizontal change.
• Slope = Vertical Change/Horizontal Change = Distance Covered/Time take = Speed.
• Slope = Speed (in case of distance time graph).
• The slope of the distance-time graph gives the speed of the object.
• A more steeply inclined distance-time graph indicates greater speed.

Distance-Time graph of a object at Non-Uniform Motion

• Average Speed = Total Distance Covered/Total Time Taken

Motion – Acceleration (Part-4)

• Acceleration is defined as the rate of which the velocity of an object changes.
• Acceleration = Change in Velocity/Time Taken (For uniform velocity only)
• Change in velocity may be due to change in speed or due to change in the direction of motion.
• Acceleration has both magnitude as well as direction, hence it is a vector quantity.
• Acceleration is positive when it is in the direction of velocity.
• Acceleration is negative when it is in the opposite direction of velocity.
• Negative acceleration is also known as Retardation or deceleration.
• If an object is slowing down then its acceleration is in an opposite direction to its motion, i.e. deceleration.
• Acceleration is negative when Initial Velocity > Final Velocity.
• Acceleration is 0 when Initial Velocity = Final Velocity
• Acceleration is positive when Final Velocity > Initial Velocity.

SI Unit of Accceleration

• SI Unit of Velocity ⇒ m/s
• SI Unit of Time ⇒ s
• Therefore, SI Unit of Acceleration ⇒ (m/s)/s = m/s2

Motion – Speed & Velocity (Part -3)

• Speed is defined as the ratio of distance travelled to the time taken to cover that distance.
• Speed is the distance travelled in unit time.
• Speed = Distance Covered/Time Taken
• Average Speed = Total Distance/Total Time (In non-uniform motion)
• SI Unit of Speed ⇒ m/s

• Velocity is defined as the distance travelled in a specific direction in unit time. (displacement in unit time)
• Velocity is the rate of change of displacement in unit time.
• Velocity = Displacement/Time Taken
• SI Unit of Velocity ⇒ m/s

Motion – Distance & Displacement (Part -2)

• Distance is the actual path length travelled by an object in a given time.
• Displacement is the shortest distance between the initial & final position.

•  A physical quantity which has both magnitude and direction is known as a Vector quantity.
• A physical quantity which has only magnitude is known as a Scalar Quantity.
• Examples of Vector Quantity ⇒ Displacement, Velocity, Acceleration
• Examples of Scalar Quantity ⇒ Distance, Speed, Mass, Time
• SI Unite of both Displacement and Distance is Meter.
• The magnitude of the displacement is not always same the distance travelled (it can be less or equivalent).